874
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC45075820912867111141183222254291333374402433465478515
ENGINEERING97975820912769109122164191218250263305345
&1338758209136
REMOTE138875820913259101145174201
SENSING16037582091265395121134176215
March502375930785592121153191
2014523875930784181120155
253562575910803570105
Mapping13935860359208340470601665798932
India2386586035970203334398530
on29765860359130263
Large32995860359122253337471601
Scales39615860359140264396460590704
-4726586035962
A16278960359147
Quick18358960359156287351475609
and25048960359131264395
Viable29608960359134199330462526655
Solution36768960359141270335466551615745878
Krishna2621149101145788112154203253301
Kumar29451491011457104178226258
Naithani32251491011458107131163212260310334
Abstract450177101515197137167196241284314
For4501902010753103138
most6131902010780130170200
of838190201075080
the943190201073085130
mapping10981902010780130185240269324369
and14921902010750105160
engineering16771902010745100145173228273318353382437482
survey2184190201074095130176221268
projects,2477190201075590140165210255285325350
the2852190201073085130
heights4502002010755100128173228258298
are773200201075085130
still92820020107407099127155
required1108200201073580130185214249294349
above14822002010750100150197242
Mean17492002010780125175230
Sea20042002010755100150
Level2179200201075095141186215
(MSL),2419200201073024492019086641081482597200201073055
whereas26772002010768123168203248298338
the450210201073085130
heights6052102010755100128173228258298
given928210201074574120165220
by1173210201075097
Global1295210201076593143194244272
Positioning15922102010755105145173203232282337365420465
System20822102010755102142172217297
(GPS)2404210201073024342119086529614025742102010730
are2629210201075085130
in2784210201072883
terms450220201073075110190230
of705220201075080
the810220201073085130
WGS84965221908668120164204244
ellipsoid.1234220201074573102130185225275303358383
The16422202010760115160
heights18272202010755100129174229259299
above21512202010750100150197242
MSL2418221908664108148
are2591220201075085130
called2746220201074595123152197252
Orthometric4502302010770105135190240320365395430458503
Heights.9782302010770115144189244274314339
Presently1342230201075590135175220275305333380
for1747230201073080115
India1887230201073085140168218
and21302302010750105160
many23152302010780130185232
other2572230201075080135180215
countries,450240201074595150205235270298343383408
who8832402010769124174
have10822402010755105151196
not13032402010755105135
yet1463240201074792122
established1610240201074585115165215244272312367412467
their2102240201073085130158193
own23202402010750119174
geoid,2519240201074590140168223248
there2792240201073085130165210
is450250201072868
no5432502010755105
method6732502010780125155210260315
to1013250201073080
convert1118250201074595150197242277307
the1450250201073085130
ellipsoidal1605250201074573102130185225275304359409437
heights20672502010755100128173228258298
to2390250201073080
Orthometric24952502010770105135190240320365395430459504
heights.4502602010755100128173228258298323
For7982602010754104139
such962260201074095140195
countries,1182260201074595150205235270298343383408
the1615260201073085130
only17702602010750105133180
way19752602010768118165
available2165260201075097147175204254304332377
to2567260201073080
obtain26722602010750100130180209264
Orthometric4502702010770105135190240320365395430458503
heights9782702010755100129174229259299
is1302270201072868
through1395270201073085120170225270325
establishing1745270201074585115165215243272312367395450495
a22652702010750
dense23402702010755100155195240
network26052702010755100130198248283333
of450280201075080
leveling555280201072873120165193222277322
lines902280201072857111156196
that1123280201073085135165
is1313280201072969
very1407280201074691127173
time1605280201073059139184
consuming,1814280201074595150190245325353408453478
cumbersome,23172802010745100180230275310350400480525550
and4502902010750105160
manpower-6352902010780130185240290358403438465
and11252902010750105160
cost-intensive.1310290201074595135165195223278308353408448477523568593
An19282902010769124
alternative2077290201075078108153188243293323351398443
solution2545290201074090119174204232282337
has4503002010755105145
been620300201075095140195
proposed840300201075590140195245285330385
that1250300201073085135165
requires1440300201073580130185213248293333
only17983002010751105134181
a20043002010750
very2079300201074691126173
few2277300201073075143
ground2445300201074580130185240295
control450310201074595150180215265293
points7683102010755105134189219259
to1052310201073080
be1157310201075095
provided1277310201075590140187215270315370
by1672310201075097
GPS179431190865296140
and19593102010750105160
a21443102010750
skeletal2219310201074090135163208238288317
leveling2561310201072873120165193222277322
network4503202010755100130198248283333
for808320201073080115
large948320201072979114159204
scale1177320201074085135163208
photogrammetric14103202010755110160190240285320370450530575605640669714
mapping21493202010780130185240268323368
without2542320201076897127182232287317
compromising450330201074595175230265315395423463492547592
accuracy.1067330201075095140195230280325372390
The14823302010760115160
concept1667330201074595150195240295325
has20173302010755105145
been2187330201075095140195
validated2407330201074797125153208259288333388
with450340201076897127182
the657340201073085130
aid812340201075078133
of970340201075080
two1075340201073098148
test1248340201073075115145
areas.1418340201075085130180220245
It1688340201073060
is1773340201072969
shown1867340201074095145213268
that2160340201073085135165
by2350340201075097
adopting24723402010750105155210240268323368
the450350201073085130
proposed605350201075590140195245285330385
method,10153502010780125155210260315340
there1380350201073085130165210
is1615350201072868
a17083502010750
significant1783350201074069114169197225252297347402432
reduction2240350201073580135190235265293343398
in2663350201072984
the2772350201073085130
required450360201073580130185213248293348
number8233602010755110190240285320
of1168360201075180
GPS127336190865296140
control1438360201074595150180215265293
points17563602010755105134189219259
by2040360201075097
more21623602010780130165210
than2397360201073085135190
5526123602010750100
percent27373602010755100135450370201074590145175
and6503702010750105160
the835370201073085130
number9903702010755110190240285320
of1335370201075080
MSL1440371908664108148
height16133702010755100128173228258
control1896370201074595150180215265294
points22153702010755105133188218258
(as2498370201073080120
also2643370201075078118168
the2836370201073085130
preprocessing/postpointing4503802010755901351902252753203654054454735285736086637137537838388889179721002103010851130
effort)1605380201074575105155190220250
by1880380201075097
as2002380201075090
much21173802010780135180235
as2377380201075090
9024923802010750100
percent.26173802010755100135180225280310335
Introduction450406101512470100129174219265308337360405451
India450419201073085140170215
was6904192010775120160
one8754192010750105150
among10504192010745125175230275
the1350419201073085130
very1505419201075095130180
few1710419201073075150
countries1885419201074595150205235270300345385
(including2295419201073060115160190245300330385430
the2750419201073085130
advanced4504292010745100150195250295340395
ones)8704292010750105150190220
to1115429201073080
have12204292010755100150195
completed1440429201074595175230260305335380435
topographic1900429201073080135185230265310365420450495
mapping24204292010780125180235265320365
on28104292010750105
1:50450439201075075125175
0006504392010750100150
and8254392010745100155
1:251005439201075075125175
00012054392010750101151
scales,1381439201074085130160205244270
employing16764392010745125180210260310340395440
photogrammetric21414392010755110160190240285320365445525570600635665710
techniques,450449201073075120175230260310365410450475
about950449201074595145200230
four1205449201073080135170
decades14004492010755100145190245290330
ago.1755449201074590140165
Since1945449201075585140185230
then,2200449201073085130185210
there2435449201073085130165210
has26704492010755100140
been450459201075095140195
tremendous670459201073065110190235290345395450490
progress1185459201075590140185220265305345
in1555459201073085
the1665459201073085130
field1820459201072755100130185
of2030459201075080
imaging21354592010730110155200230285330
and24904592010745100155
geomatics26704592010745901404504692010780125155185230270
by7454692010750100
way8704692010775120170
of1065469201075080
the1170469201073085130
Global1325469201076595145195240270
Positioning16204692010755105145175205235285340370425470
System21154692010755105145175220300
(GPS),244046920107302470470908552961402610469201073055
Inertial2690469201073085130165195225270300
Measuring4504792010785130175215270305335390435
Units9104792010770125155185225
(IMUs),116047920107301190480908524921481801370479201073055
Large-Format14504792010755100135180225255310360395475520550
High-Resolution20254792010770100145200230290335375425455510540570620675
Aerial27254792010770115150180225255
Digital450489201076595140170200245275
cameras,750489201074590170215250295335360
etc.1135489201074575120145
Due13054892010765120165
to1495489201073080
these1600489201073085130170215
developments,18404892010755100150195225275330410455510540580605
several2470489201074085135180215260290
countries450499201074595150205235270300345385
have8604992010755100150195
standardized1080499201074070115170225270305360390435480535
the1640499201073085130
scales1795499201074085130160205245
as2065499201074585
large2175499201073075110155200
as2400499201074585
1:25002510499201075075125175225275
and4505092010745100155
1:1250630509201075075125175225275
for930509201073080115
country-wide1070509201074595150205235270320350425455510555
topographic1650509201073080135185230265310365420450495
mapping21705092010780125180235265320365
and25605092010745100155
even2740509201074595140195
larger450519201073075110155200235
scales710519201074085130160205245
ranging980519201073580135180210265310
from1315519201073065115195
1:2401535519201075075125175225
to1785519201073080
1:12001890519201075075125175225275
for2190519201073080115
engineering23305192010745100145175230275320355385440485
applications4505292010745100155185215260305335365415470510
mainly9855292010780125155210240290
due13005292010755110155
to1480529201073080
operability15855292010750105150185230280310340370400450
of2060529201075080
GPS,21655309085529614023055292010725
IMU,23555309085249214825035292010725
and25535292010745100155
digital2733529201075585130160190235265
cameras450539201074590170215250295335
which8105392010775130160205260
resulted1095539201073580120175205235280335
in1455539201073085
nearly15655392010755100145180210260
complete1850539201074595175230260305335380
automation22555392010745100130180260305335365415470
for2750539201073080115
various450549201075095130160210265305
photogrammetric7805492010755110160190240285320365445525570600635665710
processes,1515549201075590140185230270310355395420
i.e.,1960549201073055100125150
aerial2135549201074590125155200230
triangulation,239054920107306595140195240295325370400430480535560
Digital450559201076595140170200245275
Terrain750559201076097132167212242297
Models10725592010785135190235265305
(DTM),1402559201073014325609085521001681600559201073055
orthophoto1680559201075085115170220275330380410460
generation,2165559201074590145190225270300330380435460
etc.2650559201074575120145
The28205592010760115160
main4505692010780125155210
advantage6855692010745100150195250280325370415
accrued1125569201074590135170225270325
due14755692010755110155
to1655569201073080
these1760569201073085130170215
advancements20005692010745100150195250295340420465520550590
is2615569201073070
that2710569201073085130160
there450579201073085130165210
is685579201073070
a7805792010745
very850579201075095130180
little105557920107306090120150195
requirement1275579201073580130185215250295375420475505
of1805579201075080
plan1910579201075585130185
as2120579201074585
well22305792010775120150180
as2435579201074585
vertical2545579201075095130160190235280310
height4505892010755100130175230260
ground735589201074580130185240295
control1055589201074595150180215265295
points13755892010755105135190220260
(GCPs)16605892010730169059090855210014417618665892010730
for1921589201073080115
photogrammetric20615892010755110160190240285320365445525570600635665710
aerial2796589201074590125155450599201074575
triangulation55059920107306595140195240295325370400430480535
(AT).111059920107301140600908556971237599201073055
It570609201073060
is655609201073070
well7506092010775120150180
established955609201074585115160210240270310365410465
that1445609201073085130160
with16306092010775105135190
aerial1845609201074590125155200230
imagery21006092010730110155200245280330
flown2455609201072755105180235
with27156092010775105135190
GPS/IMU45062090855296140168192260316
for791619201073080115
photogrammetric9316192010755110160190240285320365445525570600635665710
applications,16666192010745100155185215260305335365415470510535
GCPs2226620908552100144176
are2427619201074580125
required2577619201073580130185215250295350
only4506292010750105135185
at660629201074575
the760629201073085130
corners915629201074595130185230265305
of1245629201075080
the1350629201073085130
photogrammetric15056292010755110160190240285320365445525570600635665710
block.2240629201075080130175225250
Whereas,25156292010790145190225270315355380
if450639201073060
aerial535639201074590125155200230
imagery7906392010730110155200245280330
is1145639201073070
flown1240639201072755105180235
without15006392010775105135190240295325
GPS/IMU,18506409085529614016819226031621666392010725
full2216639201073085115145
control2386639201074595150180215265295
points27066392010755105135190220260
are450649201074580125
required600649201073580130185215250295350
at975649201074575
close1075649201074575125165210
intervals1310649201073085115160195245290320360
along1695649201074575125180225
the1945649201073085130
periphery21006492010755100135165220275320355405
of2530649201075080
the2635649201073085130
block,450659201075080130175225250
and7256592010745100155
height9056592010755100130175230260
control1190659201074595150180215265295
points15106592010755105135190220260
at1795659201074575
much18956592010780135180235
closer2155659201074575125165210245
intervals2425659201073085115160195245290320360
in2810659201073085
every450669201074595140175225
flight70066920107285585130185215
line.940669201073060115160185
The32781903010760115160
provision3463190301075590140190220260290340395
of3883190301075080
control3988190301074595150180215265295
points43081903010755105135190220260
along4593190301074575125180225
with48431903010775105135190
ellipsoidal5058190301074575105135190230280310365410440
heights31582003010755100130175230260300
is3483200301073070
an35782003010745100
easy3703200301074590130180
task,3908200301073075115165190
because4123200301075095140185240280325
these4473200301073085130170215
can4713200301074590145
expeditiously4883200301074595150195250280310340390445485515565
be5473200301075095
established55932003010745853158210301073075125155185225280325380
with35632103010775105135190
the3778210301073085130
help39332103010755100130185
of4143210301075080
GPS.42472120085529614043872103010725
But44372103010760115145
height46072103010755100130175230260
control4892210301074595150180215265295
points,52122103010755105135190220260285
also5522210301074575115165
known31582203010750105155230285
as3468220301074585
Bench35782203010760105160205260
Marks38632203010785130165215255
(BMs),4143220301073041732220085481161484320220301073055
are4400220301074580125
invariably4550220301073085135180215245290340370420
required4995220301073580130185215250295350
with53702203010775105135190
heights31572303010755100130175230260300
above3482230301074595145195240
Mean37472303010785130175230
Sea40022303010755100145
Level41722303010755100150195225
(MSL),4422230301073044532320085681121564608230301073055
and46882303010745100155
therefore,4868230301073085130165210240290325370395
cannot5288230301074590145200250280
be5593230301075095
determined31572403010755100130175210290320375420475
by36572403010750100
GPS.37832420085529614039232403010725
Specifically32772503010755110155200230257285330375405435485
in3787250301073085
countries3897250301074595150205235270300345385
such4307250301074095140195
as4527250301074585
India4637250301073085140170215
who48772503010775130180
have50822503010755100150195
not53022503010755105135
yet5462250301075095125
established3158260301074585115160210240270310365410465
their3648260301073085130160195
own38682603010750125180
geoid,4073260301074590140170225250
the4348260301073085130
only45032603010750105135185
method47132603010780125155210260315
available5053260301074595140170200245295325370
to5448260301073080
determine555326030107551003158270301073075110190220275320
the3503270301073085130
heights36582703010755100130175230260300
above3983270301074595145195240
MSL,424727200856811215644032703010725
known44532703010750105155230285
as4763270301074585
Orthometric48732703010770105135190240320365395430460505
heights,54032703010755100130175230260300325
is3157280301073070
by32522803010750100
precision3377280301075590135180210250280330385
leveling3787280301073075125170200230285330
which41422803010775130160205260
is4427280301073070
cumbersome,45222803010745100180230275310350400480525550
slow,5097280301074070120195213
costly,5335280301074595135165195245264
and31572903010745100155
error-prone.3337290301074580115165200227282317367422467492
Some38542903010755105185230
countries4109290301074595150205235270300345385
like4519290301073060110155
the4699290301073085130
US48542903010770125
and50042903010745100155
Canada51842903010760105160205260305
have55142903010755100150195
established3157300301074585115160210240270310365410465
their3647300301073085130160195
own38673003010750125180
precise4072300301075590135180210250295
geoid4392300301074590140170225
along4642300301074575125180225
with48923003010775105135190
a51073003010745
correction5177300301074595130165210255285315365420
surface3157310301074095130160205250295
and34773103010745100155
have36573103010755100150195
made38773103010780125180225
the4127310301073085130
solution4282310301074090120175205235285340
available4647310301074595140170200245295325370
to5042310301073080
the5147310301073085130
public53023103010755110160190220265
for5592310301073080115
conversion3157320301074595150200245280320350400455
of3637320301075080
GPS374332200855296140
(ellipsoidal)3908320301073075105135165220260310340395440470500
heights44333203010755100130175230260300
to4758320301073080
Orthometric48633203010770105135190240320365395430460505
heights.53933203010755100130175230260300325
The31583303010760115160
correction3343330301074595130165210255285315365420
surface3788330301074095130160205250295
is4108330301073070
generated4203330301074590145190225270300345400
from4628330301073065115195
a48483303010745
sufficiently4918330301074095125152180225255300355385415465
dense54083303010755100155195240
network31583403010755100130205255290340
of3523340301075080
GPS362834200855296140
control3793340301074595150180215265295
points41133403010755105135190220260
and43983403010745100155
height45783403010755100130175230260
BMs4862342008548116148
established5035340301074585115160210240270310365410465
by55253403010750100
precise3157350301075590135180210250295
leveling.3477350301073075125170200230285330355
The32773603010760115160
Geomatics34623603010765110160240285315345390430
Center39173603010760105160190235270
Canada42123603010760105160205260305
provides4542360301075590140190220275320360
an49273603010745100
on-line50523603010750105135165195250295
facility5372360301073075120150180210240290
for3157370301073080115
direct3297370301075585120165210240
transformation3562370301073065110165205235285320400445475505555610
of4197370301075080
NAD834302372008556112164204244
or4572370301075085
ITRF468237200852472120164
ellipsoidal4871370301074575105135190230280310365410440
heights53363703010755100130175230260300
of3158380301075080
any32633803010745100150
point34383803010755105135190220
in3683380301073085
the3793380301073085130
Canadian39483803010760105160205260290335390
Territory4363380301076097132167197227277312362
to4750380301073080
CGVD284854382008548100152204244284
Orthometric51633803010770105135190240320365395430460505
heights,31573903010755100130175230260300325
(CSRS-A).350739030107303537392008548921401842082643801390301073055
The38813903010760115160
National40663903010770115145175225280325355
Geodetic44463903010765110160215260290320365
Survey48363903010755110145195240290
(NOAA)51513903010730518139200855611216822454063903010730
of5461390301075080
the5566390301073085130
US31574003010770125
has33074003010755100140
released3472400301073580110155200240285340
the3837400301073085130
GEOID96399240200855296152176228268308
(recently4325400301073065110155200255285315365
upgraded47154003010755110155190235290335390
toGEOID12A)513040030107308052354020085529615217622826830836455994003010730
hybrid31574103010755105155190220275
Height34574103010770115145190245275
Model37574103010785135190235265
for4047410301073080115
Conversion41874103010760110165215260295335365415470
of4682410301075080
GPS478841200855296140
Heights49534103010770115145190245275315
toNAVD8852934103010730805398412008556112157209249289
Orthometric31574203010770105135190240320365395430460505
elevations3687420301074575120170215245275325380420
(Milbert41324203010730115145175225270305335
and44924203010745100155
Smith,46724203010755135165195250275
1996).49724203010750100150200230255
Facilities52524203010755100145175205235265295340380
are3157430301074580125
available3307430301074595140170200245295325370
online37024303010750105135165220265
for3992430301073080115
interactive4132430301073085115160195240285315345395440
computation4597430301074595175230285315360390420470525
of5147430301075080
Orthometric525243030107701051351902403203653953157440301073565110
heights32924403010755100130175230260300
fromGPS3617440301073065115195383744200855296140
ellipsoidal4002440301074575105135190230280310365410440
heights,44674403010755100130175230260300325
i.e.,4817440301073055100125150
the4992440301073085130
NGS51474403010770135190
Geodetic53624403010765110160215260290320365
Tool31584503010760102152182
Kit.3365450301076595125150
Because35404503010760105150195250290335
of3900450301075080
these4005450301073085130170215
resources,4245450301073580120170225260305350390415
these4685450301073085130170215
countries4925450301074595150205235270300345385
are5335450301074580125
able5485450301074595125170
to3158460301073080
take3263460301073075125170
full3458460301073085115145
advantage36284603010745100150195250280325370415
of4068460301075080
the4173460301073085130
recent4328460301073580125170225255
developments46084603010755100150195225275330410455510540580
and52134603010745100155
carry5393460301074590125160210
out31584703010750105135
large-scale3318470301073075110155200230270315360390435
photogrammetric37784703010755110160190240285320365445525570600635665710
mapping45134703010780125180235265320365
most49034703010780130170200
economically5128470301074590140195245325355400445475505555
in3158480301073085
a32684803010745
much33384803010780135180235
smaller35984803010740120165195225270305
time-frame3928480301073060140185215245280325405450
as4403480301074585
compared4513480301074595175230275310355410
to4948480301073080
others5053480301075080135180215255
who53334803010775130180
do55384803010755105
not31584903010755105135
have33184903010755100150195
such3538490301074095140195
a37584903010745
capability.3828490301074590145190240270300330360410428
India3277500301073085140170215
is3517500301073070
one36125003010750105150
among37875003010745125175230275
such4087500301074095140195
countries4307500301074595150205235270300345385
who47175003010775130180
have49225003010755100150195
not51425003010755105135
yet5302500301075095125
established54525003010745853158510301073075125155185225280325380
a35635103010745
precise3633510301075590135180210250295
geoid3953510301074590140170225
along4203510301074575125180225
with44535103010775105135190
the4668510301073085130
required4823510301073580130185215250295350
correction5198510301074595130165210255285315365420
surface.3158520301074095130160205250295320
As35035203010770110
a36385203010745
result,3708520301073580120175205235260
though3993520301073085135190235290
India4308520301073085140170215
has45485203010755100140
the4713520301073085130
capability4868520301074590145190240270300330360410
of5303520301075080
acquiring54085203010745901401952252603158530301073085130
aerial3313530301074590125155200230
imagery35685303010730110155200245280330
employing39235303010745125180210260310340395440
most-modern43885303010780130170200230310360415460495550
digital4963530301075585130160190235265
cameras5253530301074590170215250295335
equipped3158540301074595150180235290335390
withGPS/IMU,3573540301077510513519037875420085529614016819226031641035403010725
the4153540301073085130
requirement4308540301073580130185215250295375420475505
of4838540301075080
plan4943540301075585130185
and51535403010745100155
height53335403010755100130175230260
control3158550301074595150180215265295
points34785503010755105135190220260
for3763550301072979114
photogrammetric39025503010755110160190240285320365445525570600635665710
surveys4637550301074095130180225275315
is4977550301073070
the5072550301072984129
same5226550301074085165210
as5461550301074585
was55715503010775120159
obtaining31585603010750100130175205260290345390
during35735603010755110145175230275
the3873560301073085130
analogue40285603010745100145175225270325370
era.4423560301074580125150
The45985603010760115160
net47835603010755100130
result4938560301073580120175205235
is5198560301073070
that5293560301073085130160
photogrammetric547856030107551101603158570301073080125160205285365410440475505550
mapping,37335703010780125180235265320365390
even4148570301074595140195
on43685703010750105
scale4498570301074085130160205
as4728570301074585
small48385703010740120165195225
as5088570301074585
1:105198570301075075125175
000,53985703010750100150175
is5598570301073070
not31585803010755105135
viable3318580301075080125175205250
due35935803010755110155
to3773580301073080
its3878580301073060100
demanding40035803010755100180225280335365420465
time4493580301073060140185
and47035803010745100155
cost4883580301074595135165
implications.50735803010730110165195225270315345375425480520545
An32775903010770125
interim3427590301073085115160195225305
solution,3757590301074090120175205235285340365
especially4147590301074585140185230260305335365415
for4587590301073080115
such4727590301074095140195
countries,4947590301074595150205235270300345385410
is5382590301073070
proposed547759030107559014031586003010755105145190245
in3428600301073085
this3538600301073085115155
paper37186003010755100155200235
to3978600301073080
make40836003010780125175220
the4328600301073085130
large4483600301073075110155200
scale4708600301074085130160205
photogrammetric49386003010755110160190240285320365445525570600635665710
mapping31586103010780125180235265320365
viable3548610301075080125175205250
which38236103010775130160205260
takes4108610301073075125170210
maximum4343610301078012517545176120085248813246496103010780
possible47546103010755105145185215265295340
advantage51196103010745100150195250280325370415
of5559610301075080
the3158620301073085130
current33136203010745100135170215270300
advances36386203010745100150195250295340380
in4043620301073085
the4153620301073085130
field4308620301072755100130185
of4518620301075080
Geomatics.46236203010765110160240285315345390430455
COWI4506937010760130220250
India725693701073085140170215
Pvt.9656937010755105135160
Ltd.,1150693701075585140165190
121,13656937010750100150175
Phase15656937010755110155195240
1,1830693701075075
Udyog19306937010770125175225270
Vihar,2225693701076590145190225245
Gurgaon-122016,4507037010765120155200245295350380430480530580630680705
India,1180703701073085140170215240
and14457037010745100155
formerly1625703701073080115195240275305355
with20057037010775105135190
the2220703701073085130
Survey23757037010755110145195240290
of2690703701075080
India,450713701073085140170215240
Hathibarkala7157137010770115145200230280325360410455485530
Estate,1270713701075595125170200245270
Dehradun-248001,15657137010765110165200245300355410440490540590640690740765
India2355713701073085140170215
(natsy_10@yahoo.com).450723701073085130160200250295345395462512557612662712737782832912942967
Photogrammetric37306657010755110160190240285320365445525570600635665710
Engineering44656657010755110155185240285330365395450495
&49856657010760
Remote50706657010760105185235265310
Sensing54056657010755100155195225280325
Vol.40466765010765108138163
80,42346765010750100125
No.43846765010771121146
3,4555676501075075
March46556765010785130165210265
2014,49456765010750100150200225
pp.51956765010755110135
253–259.53556765010750100150200250300350375
0099-1112/14/8003–253472968730107501001502002302803303804304655155656006507007518018519019511001
©38277001010767
201439197001010750100150200
American41447001010770150195230260305350405
Society45747001010755105150180225255305
for4904700101073080115
Photogrammetry50457001010755110160190240285320365445525570600635685
and48907109010745100155
Remote50707109010760105185235265310
Sensing54057109010755100155195225280325
doi:45347237010755105135160
10.14358/PERS.80.3.253471972370107501001251752252753253754104655205806356607107607858368619119611011
ASPRS553187016183157240330403
MEMBERS9881870161108191299385468558631
AND1651187016183175267
SUBSCRIBERS,1949187016174165251324410499548634717807880911
CLICK2891187016186165214300390
HERE3312187016196179269352
TO3696187016179171
READ3899187016189173256348
THE4278187016180176259
ENTIRE4569187016183175254303393476
ARTICLE5077187016183173252301387466550