609
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC45075820912867111141183222254291333374402433465478515
ENGINEERING97975820912769109122164191218250263305345
&1338758209136
REMOTE138875820913259101145174201
SENSING16037582091265395121134176215
March502375930785592121153191
2014523875930784181120155
205562575910803570105
Table62645301455398151178231
2.88445301455379
Error99045301455387120173207
quantum1223453014554107160213247300380
to163045301453386
be1743453014553107
introduced187645301452780114147200253307353407460
to236345301453386
nominal2476453014553106187213266320346
values2849453014547100127180233280
of315545301455487
parameters3269453014553106140193273326360413446493
(Note:3789453014526100153186239266
The4082453014553106160
values4268453014547100127180233280
are457545301455386140
only4741453014554107133180
place494845301455380133180233
holders)5208453014553106133186239273319346
ΔX733735013655119
(m)877735013630110140
ΔY1313735013655119
(m)1457735013630110140
ΔZ1897735013655110
(m)2032735013630110140
Δω25586100136552613628011959
(seconds)242573501363072117157202257308350380
Δϕ31446100136553199628011947
(seconds)300573501363072117157202257308350380
Δκ37256100136553780628011945
(seconds)358573501363072117157202257308350380
Mirror4165610013685113153193238278
angle4468610013650105154182227
scale410873501364282132160205
(unit433873501363085140168203
less)456673501362974115157187
Range4925610013665115170218263
errors521361001364585125170210252
(meters)5022735013630110155190235275317347
–0.13763882013650100125175225
0.7139388201365075125
.17197388201362575125
17″2548882013650100135
–18″3103882013650100150185
72″3708882013650100135
0.13434388201365075125175
0.7513388201365075125
–0.157631029013650100125175225
–0.1413421029013650100125175225
0.051948102901365075125175
11″25481029013650100135
106″31031029013650100150185
5″3733102901365085
0.154343102901365075125175
–0.1450831029013650100125175225
–0.047631175013650100125175225
0.071368117501365075125175
0.081948117501365075125175
71″25481175013650100135
129″31031175013650100150185
66″37081175013650100135
0.044343117501365075125175
0.075108117501365075125175
errors450146401364585125170210252
from727146401363069115195
many9471464013680130185233
sources,1205146401364287142182221267308333
including1563146401362984124152207259287342390
boresigh1978146401365095135180222250299354
parameters.23571464013651101141191271316351396436478503
The4501584013660115160
test635158401363580122157
plan817158401365180130185
involves1027158401362883131176205253298340
selecting1392158401364287115160200235263318367
different1784158401365180110139184224269324359
sets2168158401364287122164
of2357158401364575
values2457158401364898127182227268
for2750158401363075115
the450170401363590135
boresight610170401365095135180222250298353388
parameters10231704013652102142192272317352397437479
and15271704013650105156
generating1708170401364994149194234284319347402450
a21831704013651
test2259170401363580121156
dataset.24401704013652102137187229274309334
Volunteers279917040136651101384501824013655110145190235275317
(data792182401363081131166216
providers)1033182401365292137185214265310350392422
distributed1480182401365280122157197225275330365410462
a19671824013650
table2042182401363585135163208
(similar2275182401363072100180209237287327
to2627182401363580
Table27321824013660110160188233
2),450194401365080105
with580194401367098133188
three793194401363590130175220
sets1038194401364287122164
of1227194401364575
errors1327194401364585125170210251
to1603194401363580
be1708194401365095
introduced1828194401362984119159204255310350395447
to2300194401363580
the2405194401363590135
nominal25651944013655100180208263313342
parameter4502064013652102142192272317352397437
values,912206401364898126181226268293
generating1230206401364893148193233283318347402450
three1705206401363590130175220
data19502064013652102137187
sets2162206401364287122163
per2350206401365297137
volunteer.2512206401364893122177232267312357397422
The4502184013660115160
amount6352184013650130175230285320
of980218401364575
errors1080218401364585125170210252
introduced1357218401362883118158203255310350395446
to1828218401363580
the1933218401363590135
boresight2093218401365095135180222250299354389
parameters25072184013651101141191271316450230401363580120162
will637230401367098126155
vary817230401364898138186
depending1028230401365297149194249300329384432
on14852304013645100
discussions1610230401365280122162217258300328373428470
with2105230401367098133188
data23182304013652102137187
vendors.2530230401364994149200245285327352
The5502424013660115160
volunteer735242401364893122177232267312357397
will1157242401367098126155
store1337242401364176121161206
the1568242401363590135
data17282424013652102137187
sets1940242401364287122164
in2129242401362883
separate2237242401364287138188228278313358
folders,2620242401363075104155200240282307
while4502544013670125153182227
maintaining7022544013680130158213248298327382410465513
a12402544013650
record1315254401364085125170210262
of1602254401364575
errors,1702254401364585125170210251276
and20032544013650105157
process2185254401365292137177222263305
the2515254401363590135
data26752544013652102137187
sets450266401364287122163
with638266401367099134189
the852266401363590135
DQM10122664013670140225
software1262266401364186116151221272311356
tool.1643266401363581125154179
The18472664013660115160
output20322664013645100135187242277
generated2334266401364893148193233283318363415
will2774266401367098126155
be450278401365095
analyzed5702784013650105155183232275320372
to967278401363580
obtain1072278401364595130180208263
summary1360278401364297177257307347395
estimates1780278401364587122150230280315360402
of2207278401364575
errors2307278401364585125170210252
in2584278401362883
different26922784013652801101401852254502904013645100135
data6102904013652102137187
sets.822290401364186121163188
This10352904013660115144185
analysis12452904013650105155184232274302344
will1614290401367098126155
be1794290401365095
followed1914290401363075103132177247292343
with2282290401367099134189
discussions2496290401365180121161216258300328373428470
by450302301365098
the573302301363590135
ASPRS7333023013665122182247304
Cal/Val10623023013665115143168233283312
Working13993023013688133173226255310358
Group17823023013670110155210262
members20693023013680125205255300340381
on24753023013645100
providing2600302301365292137185214265294349397
summary450314301364297177257307347395
statistics870314301364277127162190232267295335377
of1272314301364575
errors1372314301364585125170210251
in1648314301362984
the1757314301363590135
data.19173143013651101136186211
The21543143013660115160
publication23393143013651106156185213253303338366411466
of450326301364575
results550326301364085127182210245287
of862326301364575
the962326301363590135
analysis11223263013650105155183231273301343
will1490326301367098127155
help16703263013655100129180
the1875326301363590135
customers2035326301364095137172217297342382424
of2484326301364575
data25843263013651101136186
to2795326301363580
correctly450338301364085125165210250285313362
specify837338301364193138178206236284
the1147338301363590135
quality13073383013650105155183211246295
of1627338301364575
data17273383013651101136186
for1938338301363075115
procurement2078338301365292137177232272317397442497532
and26353383013650105157
scientific28173383013641811104503503013645100135163191218258
applications.7333503013650102154182210250300335364409464505530
In1288350301363792
the1405350301363590135
next15653503013655100148183
few1773350301363075145
months,19433503013680125180215270312337
processes2305350301365292137177222263305350392
will2722350301367098126155
also450362301365078120165
be640362301365095
developed760362301365297145190218263315360412
to1197362301363580
determine1302362301365297132177216296325380425
DQMs17523623013670140225267
over2044362301364593138178
planar2247362301365280130185235275
features2547362301363075125160215255300342
and4503743013650105157
DQMs6323743013670140225266
over923374301364594139179
linear1127374301362856111156206246
features.1398374301363075125160215255300342367
Simultaneously,1790374301365785165220248284334389434479534575604652677
the2492374301363590135
USGS26523743013673130200257
will450386301367098127155
also630386301365078120165
lead820386301362974124175
the1020386301363590135
Cal/Val11803863013665115144169234284312
Working15173863013688133173227255310358
Group19003863013670110155210262
in2187386301362883
identifying2295386301362980125180215244274322350405454
and27743863013650105156
testing450398301363580122157185240288
targets763398301363585125174219254295
for1083398301363075115
absolute12233983013650100142187215270305350
accuracy1598398301365190130185225275315364
assessment1987398301365091133178220261341386441476
of2488398301364675
lidar2588398301362957109159199
data.28123983013652102137187212
The4504103013660115160
geospatial635410301364893138180232282317345395423
community1084410301363984164244299354383418466
is1575410301362970
invited1670410301362984132160195240292
to1987410301363580
contact2092410301364085140175225265300
Aparajithan24174103013665117167207257283312347402452507
Sampath4504223013657107187238288323378
(asampath@usgs.gov)853422301363080122172252304354389444510565607655697722770815864894
or1772422301364585
Greg18824223013670110155203
Stensaas2110422301365792137192233283333375
(stensaas@2510422301363072107152207248298348390456
usgs.gov)450434301365597145187212260305353383
if858434301362959
they942434301363590135183
would11504343013670115170198250
like1425434301362857110155
to1605434301363580
participate17104343013652102142177205245274325375410455
in2190434301362984
the2299434301363590135
process.2459434301365191136176221263305330
The5504463013660115160
ASPRS7354463013665122182247303
guidelines10634463013649104132184229257285340385427
on15154463013645100
Geometric16404463013670115160240285320360389428
Accuracy20934463013665105145200240290330379
and24974463013650105156
Quality26784463013670125175204232267316
of450458301364575
Lidar550458301366088140190230
Data8054583013670120155205
will1035458301367099127155
incorporate1215458301362984124169209260305345395430475
the1715458301363590135
results1875458301364085127182210245287
of2187458301364575
the2287458301363590135
analysis.24474583013650105155183232273302343368
The4504703013660115160
development635470301365297145190218263315395440495530
of1190470301364575
DQMs12904703013670140225267
can1582470301364090145
have17524703013655105153198
additional19754703013650102153182217245290345395424
applications.24244703013650101153181210250300335363408463505530
Currently,4504823013665120160200245300335363412437
there912482301363590135175220
exists1157482301364593121163198240
no14224823013655100
accepted1547482301365090130175226261306358
method19304823013680125160215260312
of2267482301364575
geometrically2367482301364893138218263298338366406456485450494301362877
comparing552494301364085165216266306335390438
two10154943013635105150
lidar1190494301362857108158198
or1413494301364585
other1523494301364580135180220
3D17684943013650120
datasets,19134943013652102137187229274309351376
collected2314494301364085113141186226261306358
by2697494301365098
different450506301365280110140185225270325360
vendors835506301364893148200245285327
at1187506301365085
different1297506301365180110140185225270325360
times.1682506301363563143188230255
The19625063013660115160
DQMs21475063013670140225266
will2438506301367099127155
allow2618506301365079107152222
the450518301363590135
lidar610518301362857108158198
user833518301365597142182
community1040518301364085165245300355383418467
to1532518301363580
identify1637518301362880125180215243273321
baseline19835183013650101142187216244299344
dataset23525183013652102137187228273308
and26855183013650105157
use450530301365597142
DQMs6175303013670140225266
to908530301363580
directly1013530301365280120165205240269317
compare1355530301364085165217267307352
any17325303013650105153
lidar1910530301362857108158198
data21335303013652102137187
set2345530301364287122
against2492530301365098148177232273308
the450542301363590135
baseline6105423013650100142187215243298343
data9785423013652102137187
and11905423013650105157
determine1372542301365297132177217297325380425
its1822542301362863105
relative1952542301364085113163198227275320
accuracy.2297542301365090130185225275315363388
This27105423013660115144185
test450554301363580122157
may6325543013680130178
allow835554301365079107152222
scientists1082554301364282110155210245273315350392
to1499554301363580
perform1604554301365196136166211251331
studies1960554301364277132184212257299
such2284554301364196136191
as2500554301365092
change2617554301364095145200248293
detection,450566301365297132177217252280325380405
time880566301363563143188
series1093566301364287127155200242
analysis13605663013650105155184232274302344
etc.1729566301364580120145
with1899566301367098133188
the2112566301363590135
confidence2272566301364085140167195247292347387432
that2729566301363590140175
they3150146301363590135183
are3358146301365090135
working35181463013670115155209237292340
with3883146301367099134189
geometrically4097146301364893138218263298338366406456485513561
consistent4684146301363984139181209251286331386421
datasets.51301463013652102137187229274309350375
It3150158301363772
is3247158301362870
expected3342158301364593145190230265310361
that3728158301363590140175
this3928158301363590119160
USGS-41131583013674131201257287
led4425158301362974125
ASPRS45751583013665122182247304
research4904158301364085126171221261301356
will5285158301367099127155
result3150170301364085127182210245
in3420170301362883
an35281703013650105
across-the-board3658170301365090130175217259289324379424454504549599639690
improvement43731703013629109160200245294339419464519554
in4952170301362883
the5060170301363590135
quality52201703013650105155184212247295
of3150182301364575
lidar3250182301362857108158198
data34731823013652102137187
processing.3685182301365292137177222263305333388437462
The41721823013660115160
new43571823013655100170
DQMs45521823013670140225267
will4844182301367098126155
provide5024182301365191136185213265310
the5359182301363590135
geospatial3150194301364893138180232282317345395423
community3598194301364085165245300355384419467
with4090194301367099134189
the4304194301363590135
capability4464194301364090141191241270298326361410
to4899194301363580
procure5004194301365191136176231271316
and53451943013650105157
acquire3150206301365090140195223263308
lidar3483206301362957109159199
data37072063013651101136186
of3919206301364574
high4019206301365483131186
and42302063013650105157
quantifiable44122063013650105155210245273301328378428457502
accuracy.4939206301365090130185225275315363388
References31502296014767127160220260320380440500553
Bethel,31502424013665110145200245273298
J.3473242401365075
S.,3573242401365782107
van3705242401364999154
Gelder,38842424013670115143195240280305
B.4214242401366590
H.,43292424013675100125
Cetin,44792424013665110145173228253
A.F.,4757242401366590150175200
and49822424013650105157
Sampath,51642424013657107187238288323378403
A.,5592242401366590115
2006.33502544013650100150200225
Corridor36002552012865110150190220275320360
Mapping39852552012885136188240270325373
Using43832552012873113143198247
Aerial46552552012863103143173225255
Technique,4935255201286110114119625128133138642653612544013625
Publication54112544013660115165335026640136285797147182210255310
FHWA/IN/JTRP-2006/23.3685266401366013522328831335042344849855862368371376381386491493998910391064
Joint4774266401365095123178213
Transportation50122664013660100150205247298343383418468503532577632
Research33502784013665110152197247287327382
Program,37572784013660100145193233283363388
Indiana4170278401363792143172222277327
Department45222784013670115166216256291371416471506
of5053278401364575
Transportation515327840136601001502052472993443844194693350290401363563108163
and35382904013650105157
Purdue37202904013660115155207262307
University,40522904013673128156205250290331360395443468
West45452904013688133175210
Lafayette,47802904013660110140190239284319354399424
Indiana.5229290401363691143171221276326351
doi:3350302401365297125150
10.5703/1288284313396352530240136501001251752252753253504004505005506016517017518018519019511001
Csanyi,31503144013665107157212260288313
N.3488314401367499
and36123144013650105156
Toth,37943144013660105140195220
C.,4039314401366590115
2007.41793144013650100150200225
Improvement44293144013636116168208253301346426471526561
of5015314401364575
Lidar5115314401366089140191230
data53703144013652102137187
accuracy3350326401365090130185225275315363
using3738326401365597125180229
Lidar-speci3992326401366088140190230260301353398438466
c45133264013640
ground4578326401364989134189244295
targets.4898326401363585125174219254295320
Photogrammetric5243327201286011516019223728532537745733503392012880120152192222262
Engineering36373392012865120168198253293333373403458506
&41683392012877
Remote42703392012866106186231263303
Sensing,4598339201286010015519522528032849263384013625
Vol.49763384013665110138163
7351643384013650100
Issue5290338401363678119174219
4,5534338401365176
pp.33503504013652103128
385–39635033504013650100150201251301351
Habib,31503624013675125175203253278
A.,3453362401366590116
Kersting,35943624013670115155196231260315363388
A.P.,4007362401366590150175200
Bang42323624013665115170218
K.4475362401367095
I.,459536240136376287
Lee47073624013660105150
D.4882362401367095
C.,5002362401366590115
2010.51423624013650100150200225
Alternative539236240136659412917421433503744013655105140168217262
Methodologies36373744013685130165220265316361390435483511556598
for4260374401363075115
the4400374401363590135
Internal4560374401363792127172212267317345
Quality49303744013670125175203232267315
Control52703744013665110165200240285313
of3350386401364575
Parallel34503864013660110150200228257302330
Lidar3805386401366089140190230
Strips,4060386401365792132160212254279
IEEE44033864014537102167232
Transactions46603864014560100150205246296336371400445500541
on52263864014545100
Geoscience5351386401457011516020224227033893984014545100140185
and35993984014550105157
Remote37813984014565110190235270315
Sensing41213984014556101156198226281330
,44123984013625
Vol.4844623984013665110138163213263
no.1,47503984013655100125176201
pp.221-236,49763984013651103128178228278308358408458483
doi:5484398401365297125150
10.1109/TGRS.2009.20264243350410401365010012517522527532535041048054560262767772777782785290295210021052110211521202
Heidemann,31504224013675120148200245325375430485510
H.36854224013675100
K.,3810422401367095120
2012,39554224013650100150200225
Lidar4205422401366089140190230
base44604224013650100142187
specification4672422401364294139178207234262302352387415460515
version5212422401364994133175203248303
1.0,5540422401365176126151
U.S.3389434401457398155180
Geological35944344014570115160188233282310350400429
Survey40484344014556111151200245293
Techniques43664344014560105145200255283333388433475
and48664344014550105157
Methods50484344014585130165220265316358
,53674344013625
Book54174344013665110155208
11,33504464013650100125
Chapter.35004464013665120170222257302342367
B4,38924464013665115140
6340574464013650100
p.4182446401365277
National31504584013673123158187232287337365
Geodetic35404584013670115160212257292320360
Survey,39254584013657112152200245293319
2009.42694584013650100150200225
Light4519458401366088136191226
Detection47704584013670115150195235270299344399
and51944584013650105156
Ranging53764584013664115170218246301350
(LIDAR)3350470401363090127197262327357
requirements.3732470401364085135190218258303383428483518560585
URL:43424704013673138198223
http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/459047040136559012517720222725232239246248754259063265771275780785788293097510241049
RSD/AirportSOW.pdf33504824013665122192217282310350402447487522578648737762813865895
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National31504944013673123158187232287337365
Geospatial35404944013670115160202254304339367417445
Intelligence4010494401363792127172200229257305350405445490
Agency,45254944013665114159214254302327
2011.48774944013650100150200225
NGA51274944013673143208
Standardization536049440136579214219733505064013652102142193222265315350378423478
document:3853506401365297137192272317372407432
Light4310506401366088137192227
Detection45625064013670115150195235270298343398
and49855064013650105157
Ranging51675064013665115170218247302350
(LIDAR)554250640136309012633505184013670135200230
Sensor36055184013657102157198243283
Model39135184013685130182227255
Supporting41935184013657112164215260300335364419467
Precise46855184013660100145185213255300
Geopositioning.50105184013670115160212257298327362390435490518573622647
URL:33505304013673138198223
http://www.gwg.nga.mil/focus_groups/csmwg/LIDAR_Formulation_Paper_Version_1.1_110801.pdf35985304013655901251772022272523223924624875366066546797347828328579379669941019104910941134118912311276132413641409146415161557158216221664174418141862188719471984335054240136701352002453053503904705255536036386677127678128729229731018105811031168121312531295132313681423146815181543159316381688173917891839188919391964201520672097
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1/13/2014)3755554401365075125175200250300350400430