485
20430075860803570105
March57075880785592121153191
201478575880784181120155
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC421275780912867111141183222254291333374402433465478515
ENGINEERING474175780912769109122164191218250263305345
&5100757809136
REMOTE515075780913259101145174201
SENSING53657578091265395121134176215
the300396701363590135
horizontal4603967013655100140168212257312347397425
and9103967013650105157
vertical1092396701364893133168196236286315
accuracy1432396701365090130185225275315363
of1820396701364575
lidar1920396701362857108158198
data.21433967013652102137187212
The23803967013660115160
targets300408701363585125173218253295
must6204087013680135177212
be857408701365095
designed977408701365196138166215270315366
such1368408701364297137192
that1585408701363590140175
they1785408701363590135184
can1994408701363990145
be2164408701365095
extracted2284408701364593128168218258293338390
from300420701363070115195
lidar520420701362857108158198
data.7434207013652102137187212
The9804207013660115160
targets1165420701363585125174219254295
shown1485420701364297142212267
in1777420701362883
Figures1885420701366089137192232277319
422294207013650
(a)2304420701363080110
and24394207013650105156
(b)2620420701363080110
have3004327013655105153198
been523432701365095140195
used743432701365597142194
for962432701363075115
lidar1102432701362856108158198
horizontal13254327013655100140168212257312347397425
accuracy1775432701365090130185225275315363
assessments2163432701365092134179220262342387442477519
(Csnayi300444701363095137192242290318
and6434447013650105157
Toth8254447013660105140195
2007;10454447013650100150200225
Bethel12954447013665110145200245274
et.1594444701364580105
al.,1724444701365078103128
2006,18774447013650100150200225
respectively)2127444701364085127179224264299327375420449497527
while3004567013670125153182227
the552456701363590135
target712456701363585125173218253
shown990456701364297142212267
in1282456701362883
Figure1390456701366089137192232277
4(c)1692456701365080120150
(Stoker,1867456701363086121166220265305330
unpublished,22224567013655110162216267295323365420465517542
2011)3004687013650100150200230
is555468701362970
in650468701362984
the759468701363590135
design919468701365196138166215270
phase,12144687013651106156198243268
and15074687013650105157
will1689468701367098126155
be1869468701365095
tested1989468701363580122157202253
in2267468701362984
2014.23764687013650100150200225
The4004807013660115160
use585480701365597142
of752480701364575
targets852480701363585125173218253295
is1172480701362870
not12674807013655100135
new14274807013655100170
to1622480701363580
the1727480701363590135
geospatial1887480701364893138180232282317345395423
industry2335480701362984135190232300492701363575123
as448492701365092
they565492701363590135183
have7734927013655105154199
been997492701365095140195
used1217492701365596141193
in1435492701362984
conventional1544492701363984139188233288323351396451501530
surveying,2099492701364196136185230278306361410435
photogrammetry3005047013652107152187232280320370450530575610650698
and10235047013650105157
also1205504701365078120165
microwave/Synthetic13955047013680108148188233303353402447472529577632667722767802830870
Aperture22905047013665117162202237292332377
Radar3005167013665115167217257
(SAR)582516701363086151216246
based8535167013650100142187239
mapping.11175167013680130181233261316365390
Alternatively,1532516701366593128173213268318353382430475503552577
planar2134516701365180130185235275
features2434516701363075125300528701363590130175217
of542528701364575
as-built642528701365091121171226255283318
structures985528701364277117172212247302342387428
can1438528701364090145
be1608528701365095
measured17285287013680125175217272312357409
using2162528701365596125180228
a24155287013650
total300540701363580115165193
station518540701364277127162191236290
instrument,834540701362883125160200254334380434469495
and13545407013650105156
the1535540701363590135
surface1695540701364297137167217257302
be2022540701365095
used2142540701365597142193
as2360540701365092
a24775407013650
target300552701363585125173218253
for578552701363075115
measuring7185527013680125175217272312340395444
absolute11875527013650100141186215270305350
accuracy.1562552701365090130185225275315363388
Another19755527013665120165200255300340
method23405527013680125160215260312
of300564701364575
using400564701365597125180228
GCPs6535647013670135195237
surveyed915564701364297137185230278323375
in1315564701362883
open1423564701364597142197
terrain1645564701363580120160210238293
(both1963564701363080125160215
horizontal22035647013655100140169212257312347397425
and3005767013650105157
sloping482576701364170115166195250298
terrain)805576701363580120160210238293323
is1153576701362970
currently1248576701364095135175220275310339387
being1660576701365095123178227
investigated.1912576701362883131176218253281330380415460511536
Sensor3005999014767127187240300340
Model66759990147100160220280313
Based10075999014773133186246306
System13405999014767120173206266353
Calibration17205999014766126160193253293353386420480540
While3006127013688143172200245
the570612701363590135
above7306127013650100145193238
two9936127013635105150
processes1168612701365292137177222264305350392
are1585612701365090135
recommended1745612701364085125170250330375430482527578
for2348612701363075115
QC24886127013670135
of2648612701364575
lidar300624701362857108158198
data,5236247013652102137187212
for760624701363075115
Quality9006247013670125175204232267315
Assurance12406247013665107149204243294349388433
(QA),1699624701362999164194219
it1943624701362964
is2032624701362870
recommended2127624701364085125170250330375430481527578
that300636701363590140175
a5006367013650
lidar575636701362857108159198
system799636701364190131166211291
be1115636701365095
calibrated1235636701364090119147197237287322367419
using1679636701365596125180228
rigorous1932636701364068117162202247302343
or2300636701364585
semi-rigorous2410636701364287167195225265294342300648701364585130185227
sensor552648701364186141183228268
modeling.8456487013680125177222250278333382407
Rigorous1277648701366593141186226271326368
calibration1670648701364090118147197237287322350395450
methods21456487013680125160215260312353
are2523648701365090135
based3006607013650100142187238
on5636607013645100
determining688660701365297132177217297325380409464512
parameters12256607013652102142192272317352397437478
describing1728660701365297139179219247297325380429
the2182660701363590135
sensor2342660701364286141183228268
model3006727013680125177222250
completely.575672701364085165217245290325370398447472
Since1072672701365685140180225
many13226727013680130185233
parameters15806727013652102142192272317352397437479
associated2084672701365091133178218246296331376428
with2537672701367098133188
a3006847013650
complete375684701364085165217245290325370
sensor770684701364287142183228268
model10636847013680125177222250
are1338684701365090135
proprietary,1498684701365292137189229257302337387427475500
software2023684701364287117152222272312357
to2405684701363580
perform2510684701365297137300696701363075115195
rigorous520696701364068117162202247302343
calibration888696701364090119147197237287322350395450
can1363696701364090145
only15336967013645100129177
be1735696701365095
provided1855696701365292137185213265310362
by2242696701365098
the2365696701363590135
instrument2525696701362983300708701364277117172252297352387
manufacturer.7127087013680130185240270320360395450490535575600
Rigorous1337708701366593141186226271326368
methods17307087013680125160215260312353
of2108708701364575
calibration2208708701364090119147197237287322350395450
are300720701365090135
often460720701364575110155210
a6957207013650
two-step7707207013635105150180222257302353
process,1148720701365292137177222264305330
decoupling1503720701365297137182237289317345400449
the1977720701363590135
georeferencing2137720701364893138178223253298338383438478506561610
portion3000395301365297137172200245300
(lever3325395301363058103152197237
arm)3587395301365090170200
from3812395301363070115195
the4032395301363590135
range4192395301364090145193238
and44553953013650105157
boresight4637395301365095135180221250298353388
measurements.5050395301368012517521727231235730004073013680125180215257282
The33074073013660115160
rigorous3492407301364068116161201246301343
calibration3860407301364090118147197237287322350395450
approach43354073013650102154193238289328383
is4743407301362971
robust,4839407301363984135190231266291
and51554073013650105157
since3000419301364270125165210
the3235419301363590135
process3395419301365292137177222263305
is3725419301362870
automated38204193013650105140185265315350395447
the4292419301363590135
resulting4452419301364085126181210245273328376
swaths48534193013642112162197252294
of5172419301364575
data52724193013652102137187
are3000431301365090135
consistent3160431301364085140182210252287332387422
with3607431301367098133188
each3820431301364595135190
other4035431301364580135180220
and42804313013650105157
with4462431301367098133188
external4675431301364593129174213268319347
control.5047431301364085140175215260288313
A31004433013665
semi-rigorous3190443301364287167195225265293342387427472527568
sensor3783443301364287142184229269
model40774433013680125176221250
calibration4352443301364090118146196236286321350395450
assumes4827443301365091133188268313355
a52074433013650
generic528244330136489330004553013655100140168208
sensor3233455301364287142184229269
model,35274553013680125176221250275
and38274553013650105156
depends4008455301365297149194249300342
on43754553013645100
the4500455301363590135
instrument4660455301362883125160200255335380435470
manufacturer515545530136801301852403000467301363080120155210250295335
to3360467301363580
convert3465467301364085140188233273308
parameters37984673013652102142192272317352397437479
of4302467301364575
their4402467301363590135163203
proprietary4630467301365292137188228256301336387426475
sensor5130467301364287142183228268
model30004793013680125177222250
to3275479301363580
parameters33804793013652102142192272317352397437478
of3883479301364575
the3983479301363590135
generic4143479301364994149194234262302
model.44704793013680125177222250275
Examples47704793013665113163243295323368410
include52054793013629843000491301364068123175220
the3245491301363590135
Universal34054913013673128157205250290332382410
Lidar3840491301366088140190230
Error40954913013665105145190230
Model43504913013685130182227255
(ULEM)46304913013630103163228313343
developed4998491301365297145190219264315360412
by3000503301365098
NGA31235033013674144209
(NGA33575033013630103173238
2012),36205033013650100150200230255
and39005033013650105157
Quasi40825033013670125175217245
Rigorous4352503301366593142187227272327368
sensor4745503301364287142184229269
model50395033013680125176221250
developed3000515301365297145190218263315360412
by3437515301365098
Habib35605153013675125175203254
(Habib38395153013630104155205233283
et.4147515301364580105
al.,4277515301365078103128
2010).44305153013651101151201231256
However,47115153013675120190235283328368393
these5129515301363590135177222
generic3000527301364893148193233262302
models33275273013680125176221250291
may36435273013680130179
not38475273013655100135
have40075273013655105153198
the4230527301363590135
ability43905273013650100129157185220269
to4684527301363580
completely4789527301364085165216245290325370398446
capture3000539301364090142177232272317
all3342539301365078106
the3473539301363590135
intricacies3633539301362984119159187227277317345390432
of4090539301364575
the4190539301363590135
original4350539301364585113162190245295323
sensor4698539301364287142184229269
model.49925393013680125176221250275
Current30005625014767127167207267327360
Status33875625014766100160193253306
and37205625014760120180
Concluding39275625014766126186246280340400433493553
Remarks45075625014766126213273313373426
The30005754013660115160
USGS31855754013673130200257
led3467575401362873125
ASPRS36175754013665122182247303
Cal/Val39455754013665115144169234284312
Working42825754013688133173227255310358
Group46655754013670110155210262
recognizes4952575401364085125170218273302345390432
that3000587401363590140175
the3200587401363590135
proposed3360587401365292137188233275320372
QA/QC37575874013670135160230295
procedures4077587401365191136176221273328368413455
are4557587401365090135
a47175874013650
departure4792587401365196148198238273328368413
from5230587401363070115195
the3000599301363590135
currently3160599301364095135175220275310338387
practiced3572599301365191141181216245285330381
process.3978599301365292137177222263305330
Before43335993013665110140185225270
recommending4628599301364085125170250330375430482510565613
these5266599301363590135177222
procedures3000611301365292137177222273328368413455
to3480611301363580
be3585611301365095
adopted37056113013650102147198233278330
for4060611301363075115
data42006113013652102137187
procurement,4412611301365191136176231271316396441496531556
they4993611301363590135184
have52026113013655105153198
to3000623301363580
be3105623301365095
tested3225623301363580122157202253
against3503623301365199149177232274309
real3837623301364085135163
data40256233013652102137187
sets.4237623301364287122163188
Hence,44506233013675120175215260285
a47606233013650
prototype4835623301365292137172217252300352397
software525762330136428711715230006353013670120160205
tool3230635301363580125153
has34086353013655105147
been3580635301365095140195
developed3800635301365297145190219264315360412
that4237635301363590140175
implements44376353013628108160188233313358413448490
the4952635301363590135
DQMs51126353013670140225267
over3000647301364593138178
natural32036473013655105140195235285314
surfaces.3542647301364196136166216256301343368
A39356473013665
comprehensive4025647301364085165217257302357402457498527575620
test4670647301363580122157
plan4852647301365180130185
has50626473013655105146
been5233647301365095140195
prepared3000659301365292137188238278323375
and34006593013650105157
distributed3582659301365180121156196225275330365410461
to4068659301363580
data41736593013652102137187
vendors.4385659301364994149200245285327352
Currently,47626593013665120160200245300335363411436
this5223659301363590119160
tool3000671301363580125153
is3178671301362970
being3273671301365095124179227
tested3525671301363580122157202254
on38046713013645100
different3929671301365180110139184224269324359
data43136713013652102137187
sets,4525671301364287122164189
collected4739671301364085113141186226261306358
under51226713013655110162207247
different3000683301365280110140185225270325360
conditions,3385683301364085140192220255283328383425450
instruments,3860683301362883125160200255335380435470512537
and44226833013650105156
by4603683301365099
different4727683301365180110140185225270325360
vendors.5112683301364893148200245285326351
The30006953013660115160
goal3185695301364893143172
of3382695301364575
the3482695301363590135
testing3642695301363580121156185240288
process3955695301365292137177222263305
is4285695301362870
to4380695301363580
test4485695301363580122157
the4667695301363590135
efficiency4827695301364575102130170198243298338386
and52386953013651106157
validity3000707301364898127155207235270318
of3343707301364575
DQMs34437073013670140225267
as3735707301365092
indicators3852707301362883135163203253288333373415
of4292707301364575
the4392707301363590135
goodness4552707301364893138190245290332373
of4950707301364575
fit505070730136285590
from5165707301363070115195
lidar538570730136295730007193013652102142
system3167719301364190131166211291
calibration.3483719301364090119147197237287322350395450476
The39847193013660115160
lidar4169719301362856108158198
system4392719301364290132167212292
calibration4709719301364090118146196236286321350395450
can5184719301364090145
have53547193013655105153198
(a)28561414015842126168
(b)17163482015842126168
(c)45943482015842109152
Figure300363601454773127180213267
4.593363601455380
Design7003636014566120166193246300
of1026363601455487
targets1140363601453386120173226259306
(a)1473363601452680106
Painted16063636014553107133186220273326
Targets1959363601455398131184238271318
(b)2303363601452780107
Elevated2436363601455480134180234267320374
Targets2836363601455398131184238271318
and31803636014554107160
(c)3367363601452773100
3D34933636014554120
Targets.3640363601455398131184238271318344