633
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC45075820912867111141183222254291333374402433465478515
ENGINEERING97975820912769109122164191218250263305345
&1338758209136
REMOTE138875820913259101145174201
SENSING16037582091265395121134176215
March502375930785592121153191
2014523875930784181120155
203562575910803570105
The5503729013660115160
DQMs7353729013670140225267
are1027372901365090135
not11873729013655100135
direct1347372901365180120165205240
point-to-point1612372901365196125180215245280325355406451480535570
comparisons2207372901364085165216266306335376421476518
because450384901365095135185240282327
it802384901362863
is890384901362870
nearly9853849013655100150190218267
impossible12773849013628108160205247288317367395440
for1742384901363075115
a18823849013650
lidar1957384901362857108158198
system2180384901364290132167212292
to2497384901363580
collect2602384901364085113450396801362873113148
conjugate623396801364085140167222270320355400
points1048396801365297125180215257
in1330396801362883
different1438396801365280110140185225270325360
swaths.18233968013642112162197252294319
It2167396801363671
is2263396801362970
easier2358396801364595137166211250
to2633396801363580
identify450408801362880125180215243273322
and7974088013650105156
extract978408801364594129169219259294
conjugate1297408801364085140166221270320355400
surfaces1722408801364196136166216256301343
and20904088013650105157
related2272408801364085113163198243295
features2592408801363075125450420801363590130175217
(e.g.692420801363075100148173
roof890420801364085130160
edges)1075420801364597145190232262
from1362420801363070115195
lidar.1582420801362856108158198223
The18304208013660115160
DQMs20154208013670140225267
over2307420801364593138178
natural25104208013655105140195235285313
surfaces450432801364297137167217257302343
and8184328013650105157
over1000432801364593138178
roof1203432801364085130160
planes1388432801365280130185230272
assume1685432801365092133188268313
that2023432801363590140175
these2223432801363590135177222
conjugate2470432801364085140167222270320355400
surfaces450444801364297137167217257302343
are818444801365090135
planar,978444801365280130185235275300
and13034448013650105157
determine1485444801365297132177217297325380425
the1935444801363590135
measure20954448013680125175217272312357
of2477444801364575
separation2577444801364186138188450456801364090125153198253
between728456801365095130200245290345
a10984568013650
point1174456801365196125180215
and14144568013650105156
the1595456801363590135
surface1755456801364297137167217257302
(plane).2082456801363082110160215260290315
The24224568013660115160
DQM26074568013670140225
over450468801364593138178
roof653468801364085130160
edges838468801364597145190232
extract1095468801364593128168218258293
break1413468801365090135185239
lines1677468801362856111156198
or1900468801364585
roof2010468801364085130160
edges2195468801364597145190232
from2452468801363070115195
two26724688013635105150
intersecting450480801362883118163203245290330365393448497
planes972480801365180130185230271
and12684808013650105157
measure14504808013680125175217272312357
their1832480801363590135163203
discrepancy.2060480801365280122162202247298348403443492517
DQM4505040014773147247
Over7235040014774127187227
Natural9765040014780140174234274334367
Surfaces:13705040014767127166200260320380433460
Point4505160014767127160220253
to730516001473393
(Tangential)850516001473393145205265325385418451511545578
Plane14555160014766100160220280
Distance17615160014774107160194254314374434
This4505289013660115143185
DQM6605289013670140225
is910528901362870
calculated1005528901364090118158213242292327372423
by1453528901365199
selecting1577528901364287115160200235263318367
a19695289013650
point2044528901365196125180215
from2284528901363070115195
one25045289013645100145
swath26745289013641111161196251
(e.g.450540901363075100148173
point648540901365297125180215
‘p’88854090136197089
in1002540901362883
swath11105409013642112162197252
#13875409013650
1),1462540901365080105
and15925409013650105157
determining1774540901365196131176216296325380408463511
the2310540901363590135
neighboring24705409013655100129177232450552801365095135163218267
points742552801365196125180215256
(at1023552801363080115
least1163552801362974124165200
three)1389552801363590129174219249
for1663552801363075115
the1803552801363590135
same1963552801364292172217
coordinates2205552801364085130170222250305355390435477
in2707552801362883
swath4505648013642112162197252
#7275648013650
2.802564801365075
Ideally,902564801363788133183212240288313
the1240564801363590135
point1400564801365297125180215
‘p’164056480136197089
(from1754564801363060100145225
swath20045648013641111161196251
#22805648013650
1)2355564801365180
should2461564801364196141196225276
lie2762564801362957102
on4505768013645100
the575576801363590135
surface735576801364297137167217257302
defined1062576801365196124151206251303
by1390576801365098
the1513576801363590135
points1673576801365297125180215257
selected1955576801364287115160200235280332
from2312576801363070115195
swath25325768013641111161196251
#4505888013650
2.525588801365075
Therefore,6255888013660115160200245275320360405430
any10805888013650105153
departure1258588801365297149199239274329369414
from1697588801363070115195
this1917588801363590118160
ideal2102588801362880125175203
situation2330588801364270105160210245274319374
will450600801367098127155
provide630600801365292137185213265310
a9656008013650
measure10406008013680125175217272312357
of1422600801364575
discrepancy,1522600801365180121161201246298348403443491516
and20636008013650105157
hence22456008013655100155195240
can2510600801364090145
be2680600801365095
used450612801365597142193
as668612801365092
a7856128013650
DQM.8606128013670140225250
This11356128013660115144185
departure1345612801365297149199239274329369414
is1784612801362870
measured18796128013680125175216271311356408
by2312612801365098
fitting243561280136285590125154209257
a27176128013650
plane450624801365280130185230
to705624801363580
the810624801363590135
points970624801365297125180215257
selected1252624801364186115160200235280331
from1608624801363070115195
swath18286248013642112162197252
#21056248013650
2,2180624801365075
and22806248013650105157
measuring24626248013680125175217272312450636801362883132
the607636801363590135
(perpendicular)767636801363081126166218263318370398438493521571611641
distance1433636801365280122157207262302347
of1805636801364575
point1905636801365297125180215
‘p’214563680136187088
to2258636801363580
this2363636801363590119160
plane.2548636801365280130185230256
DQM4506600014773147247
Over7236600014774127187227
Roof9766600014767127187221
Planes:12236600014767100160220280334360
Point4506720014767127160220253
to730672001473393
Conjugate8506720014767127187220280340400434494
Plane13706720014767100160220280
Distance16776720014773107160193253313373433
Where4506849013688143188228273
man-made7486849013680130185215295345397442
planar1215684901365280130185235275
features1515684901363075125160215255300342
(e.g.1882684901363075100148173
roof2080684901364085130160
planes)2265684901365280130185230272302
are2592684901365090135
present450696901365292137178223278313
in788696901362984
the897696901363590135
region1057696901364085133161206261
of1343696901364575
overlap,1443696901364594139179207257309334
these1802696901363590135176221
features2048696901363075125160215255300342
can2415696901364090145
be2585696901365095
extracted2705696901364593450708801363575125165200245297
and7727088013650105156
used953708801365597142194
for1172708801363075115
measuring13127088013680125175216271311340395443
the1780708801363590135
inter-swath1940708801362883118163203233275345395430485
goodness2450708801364893138190245290332373
of450720801364575
fit.55072080136275590115
These6907208013660115160202247
planes962720801365180130185230271
can1258720801364090145
be1428720801365196
extracted1549720801364593128168218258293338390
automatically,19647208013650105140185265315350378418468496525573598
or2587720801364585
with2697720801367098133188
assistance3150372801365092133162203238288343383428
from3603372801363070115195
an38233728013650105
operator.3953372801364597142182232267312352377
Assuming43553728013665107148203283312367415
PL147953728013660120170
and49903728013650105157
PL251723728013660120170
to5367372801363580
be5472372801365095
conjugate3150384801364085140167222270320355400
roof3575384801364085130160
planes3760384801365280130185230272
in4057384801362883
swath41653848013642112162197252
#44423848013650
145173848013650
and45923848013650105157
swath47743848013641111161196251
#50503848013650
251253848013650
respectively,52003848013640851271792242643150396801363563112157185233258
the3433396801363590135
perpendicular3593396801365297137189234289340369409464492542582
distance4200396801365280122157207262302347
of4572396801364575
points4672396801365196125180215256
used4953396801365597142194
to5172396801363580
define5277396801365196124151206251
PL131504088013660120170
to3345408801363580
the3450408801363590135
plane3610408801365280130185230
PL238654088013660120170
can4060408801364090145
be4230408801365095
determined4350408801365297132177217297325380425477
easily.4852408801364595137165193242267
Instead5144408801363691133168213263315
of3150420801364575
selecting3250420801364287115160200235263318367
any36424208013650105153
random3820420801364090145197242322
point,4167420801365196125180215240
the4432420801363590135
centroid4592420801364085140175215260288340
of4957420801364575
points5057420801365196125180215256
used5338420801365597142194
to3150432801363580
define3255432801365297124152207252
PL135324328013660120170
can3727432801364090145
be3897432801365095
determined.4017432801365297132177217297325380425477502
The45444328013660115160
centroid4729432801364085140175215260288340
to5094432801363580
plane5199432801365180130185230
PL231504448013660120170
(in3345444801363058113
swath34834448013642112162197252
#37604448013650
2)3835444801365080
distance3940444801365280122157207262302347
can4312444801364090145
be4482444801365095
used4602444801365597142193
as4820444801365092
a49374448013650
DQM50124448013670140225
to5262444801363580
measure536744480136801251753150456801364297137182
the3357456801363590135
inter-swath3517456801362883118163203233275345395430485
goodness4027456801364893138190245290331373
of4425456801364575
fit452545680136285590
(Habib46404568013630105155205233283
et.4948456801364580106
al.,5079456801365078103128
2010).52324568013650100150200230255
DQM31504800014773147247
Over34234800014774127187227
Roof36764800014767127187221
Break39234800014773113173233293
Lines:4243480001475387147207260287
Point31504920014767127160220253
to3430492001473393
Conjugate35504920014767127187220280340400434494
Line4070492001475387147207
Distance43034920014774107160194254314374434
If3150504901363767
man-made32425049013680130185215295345396441
linear3708504901362957112157207247
features3980504901363075125160215255300342
(e.g.4347504901363075100148173
roof4545504901364085130160
edges)4730504901364597145190232262
are5017504901365090135
present5177504901365191136178223278313
in5515504901362883
the3150516901363590135
overlapping3310516901364593138178207257308360388443492
regions,3827516901364085133161206261303328
these4180516901363590135177222
can4427516901364090145
also4597516901365078120165
be4787516901365095
used4907516901365597142193
for5125516901363075115
measuring52655169013680125175217272312340395444
discrepancy3150528801365280122162202247298348403443492
between3667528801365095130200245290345
adjacent40375288013650101128178218263318353
swaths.44155288013642112162197252293318
Roof47585288013665110155185
edges4968528801364597145190232
can5225528801364090145
be5395528801365095
defined55155288013652973150540801362755110155207
as3382540801365091
the3498540801363590135
intersection3658540801362984119164204245290330365394439494
of4177540801364575
two42775408013635105150
adjacent44525408013650101128178218263318353
roof4830540801364085130160
planes5015540801365280130185230272
and53125408013650105156
accurately54945408013650901291843150552801364090125170198247
extracted.3422552801364593128168218258293338390415
Conjugate38625528013665110165191246295345380425
roof4312552801364085130160
edges4497552801364596145190231
(L14753552801363090140
and49185528013650105157
L2)51005528013660110140
in5265552801362984
swaths53745528013641111161196251293
#131505648013650100
and32755648013650105157
#34575648013650
235325648013650
should3607564801364297142197225277
first390956480136275595136171
be4105564801365095
extracted4225564801364594129169219259294339390
automatically46405648013650105140185265315350379419469497525574
or5239564801364585
using5349564801365596125180228
operator3150576801364597142182232267312352
assistance.3527576801365091133161203238288343383428453
The40055768013660115160
perpendicular4190576801365297137188233288340368408463492542582
distance4797576801365180121156206261301346
between5168576801365095130200245290345
the5539576801363590135
centroid3150588801364085140175215260288340
of3515588801364575
L136155888013660110
(in3750588801363058113
swath38885888013642112162197252
#41655888013650
1)4240588801365080
to4345588801363580
the4450588801363590135
roof4610588801364085130160
edge4795588801364597145190
L250105888013660110
(in5145588801363059114
swath52845888013641111161196251
#55605888013650
2)3150600801365080
is3255600801362870
a33506008013650
measure34256008013680125175217272312357
of3807600801364575
discrepancy3907600801365180121161201246298348403443491
and44236008013650105157
can4605600801364090145
be4775600801365095
used4895600801365597142194
as5114600801365091
DQM52306008013670140225
to5480600801363580
the3150612801363590135
measure33106128013680125175217272312357
inter-swath3692612801362883118163203233275345395430485
goodness4202612801364893138190245290331373
of4600612801364575
fit470061280136285590
(Habib48156128013630105155205233283
et.5124612801364580105
al.,5254612801365078103128
2010).54076128013650100150200230255
Absolute31506360014773133187247280340373433
Accuracy36106360014773133193253293353413467
of4103636001476094
Lidar4223636001475387147207247
Data44966360014774134167227
The31506489013660115160
current3335648901364095135175220275310
practice3670648901365292142182217245285330
of4025648901364575
measuring41256489013680125175217272312340395443
the4593648901363590135
accuracy4753648901365090130185225275315363
of5142648901364574
lidar5242648901362856108158198
data31506609013652102137187
is3362660901362870
to3457660901363580
collect3562660901364085113142187226261
GCPs38486609013671135196237
in4110660901362984
open4219660901364596141196
horizontal44406609013655100140169212257312347397425
regions4890660901364085134162207262304
and52196609013650105156
measure540066090136801251753150672801364297137182
the3357672801363590135
discrepancy3517672801365180121161201246298348403443491
in4033672801362984
the4142672801363590135
vertical4302672801364893133168196236286315
coordinates4642672801364085130170221250305355390435476
from5143672801363070115195
the5363672801363590135
lidar-derived3150684801362857108158198228280325365393442487538
surface.3713684801364297137167217257302327
A40656848013665
disadvantage4155684801365280122172223272322377412462510555
of4735684801364575
using4835684801365597125180228
this5088684801363590119160
method52736848013680125160215260312
is3150696801362870
that3245696801363590140175
horizontal34456968013655100140168212257312347397425
errors3895696801364585125170210252
in4172696801362883
the4280696801363590135
data44406968013652102137187
are4652696801365090135
not48126968013655100135
accounted4972696801365090130175230285320365416
for.5413696801363075115140
Specially31507088013657108153193222272300328377
designed3552708801365196138166215270315366
and39437088013650105157
built41257088013650105134162197
targets4347708801363585125173218253295
are4667708801365090135
commonly4827708801364085165245290345373422
used5274708801365596141193
in3150720801362883
photogrammetry,32587208013652107152187232280320370450530575610650699724
and40077208013650105156
can4188720801364090145
be4358720801365095
used4478720801365597142194
as4697720801365092
a48147208013650
means48897208013680125175230271
to5185720801363580
assess5290720801365092134179220262
Table135736301455398151178231
1.161536301455379
Data1721363014567120153207
Quality1954363014567120174200227260307
Measures2288363014593146200246299333386433
(DQMs)274736301452794161254301327
or310136301455386
inter-swath321436301452780113167200229276356409442496
goodness3736363014553107160213267320367413
of417636301455387
fit42893630145275387
measures4402363014580134187234287320374420
Nature497589013275130168230277328
of85158901325590
surface967589013245107153188243293345
Examples1728589013268123178265325357408453
Data2914526013275130168223
Quality3163526013275137192223257295350
Measures3539526013288140195240301348400445
(DQMs)/Goodness4010526013235110185273318353378453508563623685736781826
of353365101325590
fit364965101323161100
measures3775651013286138193238300346398443
Units5338589013275137170208253
Natural555919013673123158213253303332
surfaces91291901364196136166216256301343
Ground1467794013670110155210265317
surface,180979401364196136166216256301326
i.e.21607940136295499124
not2309794013655100135
trees,145491901363575120165207232
chimneys,171191901364095123203258303351393418
electric215491901364573118158193233262302
lines1771104401362857112157198
etc.1994104401364580120145
Point2592819013660105133188223
to284081901363580
natural2945819013655105140195235285314
surface328481901364296136166216256301
(tangential361081901363065115170219264319354382432461
plane409681901365180130185230
to435181901363580
surface)445681901364196136166216256301331
distance481281901365280122157207262302347
Meters5320819013685130165210250291
Point31921019013660105133188223
to3440101901363580
surface3545101901364297137167217257302
vertical3872101901364893133168197237287315
distance4212101901365280122157207262302347
Meters53191019013685130165210250292
Man-made4981390013685135190220300350402447
surfaces970139001364196136166216256301343
Roof17141255013665110155185
planes1924125501365280130185230272
Perpendicular26271192013660105145197242297348377417472500550590
distance3242119201365280122157207262302347
from3614119201363070115195
the3834119201363590135
centroid3994119201364085140175215260288340
of4359119201364575
one44591192013645100145
plane4629119201365180130185230
to4884119201363580
the4989119201363590135
conjugate3548131701364085140167222270320355400
plane3973131701365280130185230
Meters53191255013685130165210250292
Roof17341526013665110155185
edges1944152601364597145190232
Perpendicular26161464013660105145197242297348377417472500550590
distance3231146401365280122157207262302347
of3603146401364575
the3703146401363590135
centroid3863146401364085140175215260288340
of4228146401364575
one43281464013645100145
line4498146401362856111156
segment4679146401364287135215260315350
to5054146401363580
the3317158901363590135
conjugate3477158901364085140167222270320355400
line3902158901362857112157
segment4084158901364186135215260315350
Meters53191526013685130165210250292
Figure450348101454771122173204255
3.727348101455378
Representation8273481014560111162193244288339390421472504528579630
of1479348101455384
DQM15853481014567132223
over1830348101455397148180
natural20323481014553104135186217268292
surfaces.2346348101454798129160211256307351375
Point27443481014553104128179210
‘p’297934810145247599
(red3103348101452455106157
dot)32823481014554105136160
is3466348101452569
from3559348101453263114191
swath37723481014547125176207258
#40523481014553
141273481014554
and42033481014553104155
the4382348101453182133
blue4538348101455377128179
dots47393481014554105136180
are4941348101455384135
from5101348101453162113191
swath53143481014547124175206257
#55933481014554
256693481014553