349
20230075860803570105
March57075880785592121153191
201478575880784181120155
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC421275780912867111141183222254291333374402433465478515
ENGINEERING474175780912769109122164191218250263305345
&5100757809136
REMOTE515075780913259101145174201
SENSING53657578091265395121134176215
Figure300218601454773127180213267
1.593218601455380
Framework700218601454680133213266346400433480
for1206218601453487120
draft1353218601455387140173207
Guidelines15862186014567120147200253280307360413460
on20732186014553106
Geometric22062186014567120173253306340373400446
Accuracy26792186014567114160213247300347393
and30992186014553107160
Quality32862186014566120173200226260306
of3619218601455386
Lidar3732218601454773127180213
Data.39722186014567120153207233
Figure300480201454773127180213267
2.593480201455380
Surface7004802014560113146180233280333
uncertainties10604802014553106153206239273326353406439466519566
in1653480201452680
hypothetical17594802014553100153207240293347380407453507533
adjacent23194802014553106133186233286340373
swaths.27194802014546126180213266313340
Profile3085480201455387140167193220273
of3385480201455387
actual34984802014554100134187240267
surface37914802014547100134167220267320
is4138480201452773
shown42384802014547100153233286
as45514802014553100
solid46784802014546100126153206
line4911480201452753106160
while50974802014580134160187240
the5364480201453387140
surface3004942014547100133167220267320
defined6474942014553106133159213266319
by9934942014553100
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114934942014553
and15734942014553106159
swath17594942014547127180213267
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221324942014554
are2212494201455387140
shown23794942014546100153233286
as26924942014553100
dotted28194942014553106139173226279
lines.3125494201452753107160207233
Internal300527601473393127187227287347380
Accuracy7075276014773133193253293353413466
of1200527601476093
Lidar1320527601475387147207246
Data15935276014773133167227
Through18465276014760120160220280340400
DQMs22735276014773147247300
The3005404013660115160
importance4855404013628108160205245280330385425470
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calibration1390540401364090118147197237287322350395450
of1865540401364575
a19655404013650
lidar2040540401362857108158198
system2263540401364290132300552401363580160
to485552401363580
the590552401363590135
data7505524013652102137187
acquisition962552401365090140195223265293328357402457
process1444552401365191136176221263305
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to1955552401363580
the2060552401363590135
geometric2220552401364994139219264299339367407
quality3005644013650105155183212247295
of620564401364575
data7205644013652102137187
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be1237564401365095
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A18445644013665
good1934564401364893138190
calibration2149564401364090118146196236286321350395450
involves300576401362883132177205253298340
precise665576401365292137177205247292
measurements9825764013680125175216271311356436481536571613
between1620576401365095130200245290345
the1990576401363590135
various2150576401364898138167212267308
subsystems300588401364297147188237278313358438480
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a9055884013650
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the1960588401363590135
lidar2120588401362957109159199
instrument,23445884013628831251602002553006004013680125180215240
GPS5656004013670130187
receiver777600401364085125170198246291331
and11336004013650105157
IMU13156004013637122195
(Habib15356004013630105155205233283
et.1843600401364581106
al.,1974600401365078103128
2010).21276004013650100150200230255
Figure400612401366088137192232277
27026124013650
shows777612401364196141211253
a10556124013650
profile1130612401365292137164192220265
of1420612401364575
a15206124013650
surface1595612401364297137167217257302
that1922612401363590140175
falls2122612401363080108137178
in2325612401362984
the2434612401363590135
overlapping300624401364593138178207257308360388443492
region817624401364085133161206261
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two12036244013635105150
adjacent13786244013650102129179219264319354
swaths.17576244013641111161196251293318
The21006244013660115160
surface2285624401364297137167217257302
as2612624401365092
defined300636401365297124152207252303
by628636401365099
the752636401363590135
swaths9126364013641111161196251293
is1230636401362870
shown1325636401364297142212267
in1617636401362883
dotted1725636401365297132167212264
lines2014636401362856111156198
while22376364013670125153182227
the2489636401363590135
solid300648401364287115143195
profile520648401365292137164192220265
represents810648401364085137177222263308363398440
the1275648401363590135
actual1435648401365090125180230258
surface.1718648401364297137167217257302327
A20706484013665
poorly2160648401365297142182210258
calibrated2443648401364090119147300660301365090140175220272
system597660301364190131166211291
leads913660301362974124175217
to1155660301363580
at1260660301365085
least1370660301362974124165200
two15956603013635105150
kinds1770660301365482137189230
of2025660301364575
errors2125660301364585125170210252
in2402660301362883
lidar2510660301362957109159199
data.3006723013652102137187212
The5376723013660115160
first72267230136275595136171
error918672301364585125170210
is1153672301362970
that1248672301363590140175
the1448672301363590135
same1609672301364191171216
surface1850672301364297137167217257302
is2177672301362870
defined2272672301365297124152207252303
in2600672301362984
two3006843013635105150
(slightly)475684301363072100128177232267295343373
different873684301365280110140185225270325360
ways12586843013670120169210
(relative1493684301363070115144194229257305350
or1868684301364585
internal1978684301362984119164204259309337
error)2340684301364585125170210240
by300696301365098
different423696301365280110140185225270325360
swaths,8086963013642112162197252294319
and11526963013650105156
the1333696301363590135
second1493696301364287127172227279
error1797696301364585125170210
is2032696301362870
the2127696301363590135
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from300708301363070115195
the520708301363590135
actual680708301365090125180230258
surface963708301364297137167217257302
(absolute1290708301363080130172217245300335380
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For19857083013660105145
most21557083013680125167202
users2382708301365596141181223
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lidar300720301362857108158198
data,5237203013652102137187212
the760720301363590135
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procedures1395720301365292137177222274329368413455
are1875720301365090135
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less2135720301362974115157
concern2317720301364085140180225265320
than3000540301363590140195
the3220540301363590135
data33805403013652102137187
themselves.3592540301363590135215257302330378423465490
However,41075403013675120190235283328368393
users4525540301365597142182224
would47745403013670115170198250
like5049540301362856110155
to5229540301363580
have30005523013655105153198
a32235523013650
process3298552301365292137177222264305
to3628552301363580
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the3915552301363590135
quality40755523013650105155184212247295
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calibration4495552301364090119147197237287322350395450
of4970552301364575
the5070552301363590135
instrument,52305523013629843000564301364277117172252297352387412
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a37885643013650
well-calibrated38635643013670115144172202242292321349399439489524569621
instrument4509564301362883125160200255335380435470
is5004564301362870
a50995643013650
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condition3205576301364085140192220255283328383
for3613576301363075115
high3753576301365584132187
quality39655763013650105155183212247295
data.42855763013652102137187212
While45225763013688143172200245
data47925763013652102137187
providers5004576301365191136185213265310350391
make30005883013680130183228
every3253588301364594139179227
effort3505588301364575105150190225
to3755588301363580
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the4162588301363590135
kind4322588301365381136188
of4535588301364575
errors4635588301364585125170210252
shown4912588301364196141211266
in5203588301362984
Figure3000600301366088137192232277
2,3302600301365075
there3402600301363590135175220
are3647600301365090135
no38076003013655100
standard3932600301364176126181233283323375
methodologies43326003013680125160215260311356385430478507552593
in4950600301362984
current5059600301364095134174219274309
QC30006123013670135
processes3160612301365292137177222263305350392
to3577612301363580
measure36826123013680125175216271311356
the4063612301363590135
internal4223612301362984119164204259309337
goodness4585612301364893138190245290332373
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swaths36536243013642112162197252294
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internal4150624301362984119164204258309337
or4512624301364585
relative4622624301364085113163198227275320
accuracy).4967624301365090130185225275315363393418
Current31006363013665120160200245300335
specifications3460636301364293138178207234262301352387415460515557
documents4042636301365196136191271316371406448
(e.g.4515636301363075100148173
Heidemann47136363013675120149200245325375430485
2012)52236363013650100150200230
do3000648301365297
not31226483013655100135
provide3282648301365191136185213265310
guidance36176483013648103131183233288328373
on40156483013645100
measuring41406483013680125175217272312340395443
the4608648301363590135
inter-swath4768648301362984119164204234275345395430485
(internal52786483013630591143000660301363580120175225253
accuracy)3278660301365090130185225275315364394
goodness3697660301364893138190245290331373
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fit419566030136275590
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lidar4410660301362857108158198
data.46336603013652102137187212
The48706603013660115160
ASPRS50556603013665122182247304
Cal/Val30006723013665115143168233283312
Working33376723013688133173226255310358
Group37206723013670110155210262
is4007672301362870
investigating4102672301362883131176218253281330380415443498547
three4674672301363590130175220
quantities491967230136501051552102452733000684301363563108150
(Table3175684301363090140190218263
1)3464684301365080
that3569684301363590140175
measure37696843013680125175216271311356
the4150684301363590135
inter-swath4310684301362984119164204234275345395430485
goodness4820684301364994139190245290332374
of5219684301364575
fit.300069630136275590115
These31406963013660115160202247
measures34126963013680125175216271311356398
describe3835696301365297138178218247297342
the4202696301363590135
discrepancy4362696301365180121161201246298348403443491
between4878696301365095130200245290345
two30007083013635105150
overlapping3175708301364593138178207257308360388443492
point3692708301365196125180215
clouds3932708301364068113168220261
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are4400708301365090135
often4560708301364575110155210
used4795708301365597142193
to5013708301363580
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optimal3193720301364597132160240290319
values3537720301364898127182227268
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the3930720301363590135
transformation4090720301363575125180222252297337417467502530575630
parameters.47457203013652102142192272317352397437479504